Dry A Memoir By Augusten Burroughs - 1490 Words

â€Å"2 billion people worldwide consume alcohol. 24% of people in the United States over the age of 11, most of them male, binge-drink each month (NSDUH, 2010). Nearly 7 percent of persons over 11 years of age binge-drinking at least five times each month (NSDUH,2010).† (Comer, 2014) With such high amount of people who consume alcohol, alcoholism can be considered one of the most common substance abuse worldwide. In Dry: A Memoir by Augusten Burroughs, he describes his previous experience on heavy alcohol abuse and how alcoholism forces him to change his daily life. In the first chapter, Augusten introduces himself as an advertiser in an advertising company in New York with some info about his personal background and the first drinking†¦show more content†¦In the day that Augusten finished the drinks with Jim, he meets his Faberge client in the Metropolitan Museum of Art with his partner, Greer. Probably Greer is the first person who notices Augusten’s problem at work because she recently starts warning Augusten about his drinking such as â€Å"’You’re late for work†¦ you look disheveled†¦ you’re bloated†¦ you’re always impatient†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.11). During the meeting, Greer admonishes Augusten again about his smell, which is caused by the alcohol he had last night. As a cover-up, Greer suggests Augusten have some drink during lunch and Augusten orders a double martini, which is not an appropriate drink at noon. After the work, Augusten starts drinking again, but he reduces the amount to one bottle only due to the global brand meeting in the next day. Nevertheless, he fails to attend the meeting on time: he wakes at 12 pm, which is 2 hours late for the meeting already. Though Augusten finally reaches the meeting, it ends up with a disappointing result to his company that the Faberge clients leave and the deal is gone. First, Greer is driven mad for Augusten’s irresponsibility to this deal and his long-term alcoholism; in the next day, his boss, Elenor has a short meeting with Augusten and reflects the seriousness of his alcoholism:† It’s many, many instances where your drinking has had an effect on your performance here at theShow MoreRelatedDry: A Memoir Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesAfter finishing this memoir, there is no denying that the main character, Augusten Burroughs, has a problem. From a very young age his alcoholic tendencies (coupled with other drug use) have caused hardships for both himself and those around him. As he aged, so his alcoholism increased. In Dry: A memoir we get to see Augusten’s challenging journey from a life revolving around alcohol to sobriety. As previously mentioned, it is undeniable that Augusten did have a problem. But, does this automatically

Tsa Policies Free Essays

As an aviation management major airport security is a concern that I have taken a huge interest in. Making travel safer to air travelers is one of the biggest tasks that will never end as long as there is a plane in the sky. However, there are many problems that come about when traveling because passengers feel as if they are being harassed, which doesn’t set a good look for the Transportation Security Administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Tsa Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) consist of 50,000 security officers, inspectors, directors, air marshals and managers who protect the nation’s transportation systems so you and your family can travel safely. They look for bombs at checkpoints in airports, they inspect rail cars, they patrol subways with our law enforcement partners, and they work to make all modes of transportation safe. Criminals and terrorists have been known to conceal items in private areas of the body, especially in the small of the back above the buttocks and high on the thigh. Screeners are to carefully inspect these areas during pat downs to adequately check for dangerous items. Also, underwire bras can set off magnetometers, and bras have been used to conceal dangerous items. One of the most intrusive and most controversial aspects of secondary screening is the use of pat-down inspections to check selected passengers or to resolve magnetometer alarms. Specific complaints over pat-down techniques have centered on allegations of inappropriate touching and unprofessional or rude conduct by screeners. More general complaints have focused on privacy concerns and perceptions that the pat-down procedures were intrusive and humiliating. A 2005, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) investigation and audit of pat-down screening procedures found that the TSA adequately advised passengers of their rights under the pat-down procedures, and appropriately accommodated those rights. The DHS also found that TSA screeners were adequately trained in pat down inspection procedures and, based on TSA records, additional screening procedures were performed on proportionate numbers of male and female passengers. Finally, the DHS found that the TSA had implemented procedures to investigate and resolve passenger complaints regarding the screening process. The TSA maintains a screening Performance Management Information System (PMIS) where recorded complaints are logged. Operations research analysis teams and federal security directors review complaints logged in the database to track trends and identify areas of concern and take appropriate actions, including possible disciplinary actions, to resolve specific issues. Complaints involving allegations of discrimination based on color, race, gender, religion, or national or ethnic origin are forwarded to the TSA’s Office of Civil Rights for further investigation. Despite considerable concern raised by some regarding inappropriate behavior during pat-down screening procedures, the DHS found no problems with the technique. Nonetheless, privacy groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ALCU), continue to express concern over potential intrusion on individual rights and alleged cases of sexual harassment and abuse of passengers, particularly female passengers, by TSA screeners. These concerns, however, raise a significant challenge for the TSA: to maintain high levels of security, which require resolving all alarms and screening in detail those passengers ascertained to pose an elevated security risk, while maintaining the privacy rights and dignity of passengers identified for these secondary screening measures. While these technologies offer a potential alternative to pat-down screening techniques, they too, raise privacy concerns because the images generated by these systems can reveal private areas, physical characteristics that individuals may wish to keep private, as well as prosthetics and other assistive medical devices. In the fast-paced environment of the passenger checkpoint, pat-down searches may be rushed and certain areas may be overlooked. The difficulty in detecting threat items on passengers is compounded by the requirements to respect the privacy of individuals discussed above, as well as social and cultural norms and individual differences regarding interpersonal contact and expectations of privacy and modesty. Some have also noted cultural sensitivities toward handicapped and disabled individuals and point out that screeners are sometimes hesitant to perform intrusive searches, particularly on individuals wearing various prosthetics. Terrorists and criminals can and have exploited these aspects of individual privacy by concealing prohibited items in body cavities and near private areas of their bodies, and could also exploit a screener’s reluctance to perform thorough searches of prosthetic devices. Covert testers also use these methods to conceal simulated threat items in an effort to test screeners’ abilities to detect items under real-world conditio ns and identify vulnerabilities in checkpoint screening that can potentially be reduced through procedural modifications and/or changes to screener training. These covert tests have revealed weaknesses in screener performance to detect weapons, simulated explosives, and components of explosive devices. How to cite Tsa Policies, Papers

Fruit Juice Brands Fighting Shrinking Market

Question: Discuss about the Fruit Juice Brands Fighting for Shrinking Market. Answer: Introduction Boost Juice is an Australian based company which was founded by Janine Allis in the year 2000. The company provides fruit and vegetable juices and smoothies through its exclusive retail outlets. The company has achieved over $ 2 billion global sales since its foundation and has established its market with 350 stores in seventeen countries. The vision of the company is: Every customer will leave a Boost Juice Bar feeling just that little bit better (Boost Juice, 2017). The company was started with the idea to provide fresh juices and smoothies to the customers because Australia did not have any juice bar in the country till 1999 (Boost Juice, 2017). The brand was incepted to provide an option of healthy food the customers so that they can lead a healthy and balanced lifestyle and enjoy a unique experience of Boost Juice Bar (Dias, 2016). Boost Juice provides products which have nutritional values and have health benefits for the customers. The company uses fresh fruits and vegetables to make smoothies and juices. It has a wide product range of juices and smoothies, which have been categorized as boosters, calories counters for the people who health conscious, boost snacks, protein and energy juices and fresh juice bars. The Australians have become more conscious about their health and prefer to have healthy food over the fast food and junk food. This concept has been very well grasped by the company by introducing the right product for the consumers. Boost Juice provides a range of products which are made up using the ingredients fresh fruits and vegetables. It provides low fat smoothies, boosters, juices, crushes, skinny smoothies, super smoothies, indulgence smoothies and customized juice as per the choice of the customer (Boost Juice, 2017). The company provides a variety of juices which includes two five juice, wild berry juice, energizer juice and immunity juice. The complete range of juices provides a healthier lifestyle to the customers. Two and five juice is made up of two oranges, three carrots, one apple, and one piece of celery and beetroot with vita booster. Wild berry juice consists of the ingredients freshly juiced pineapple, raspberries, apple, blueberries and strawberries with a booster. Energiser juice comprises of ingredients freshly squeezed orange, banana and strawberries with an energizer booster. Immunity juice is prepared from the ingredients freshly juices watermelon and orange and strawberries with immunity booster (Boost Juice, 2012). The ingredients of the juices ensure a healthy and balanced life for the customers. The fresh Boost Juice provides a great consumer experience by providing an alternative of healthy fast food product. The juices are prepared under the supervision of nutritionist to ensure the quality and provide fat free juices to the health conscious consumers (Boost Juice, 2012). Boost Juice Bars have attracted a large audience and supported the growth of the company by establishing its retails stores in the country. The new and innovative concept of Juice Bars captured the attention of the consumer because of the product demand in the market (Boost Juice, 2012). Need, Consumer Perception and Motivation Australians have become more health conscious due to increasing obesity and other diseases (Pacific Magazines, 2013).They have started preferring fresh juices over sugared drinks to safeguard their health and look better (Jasper, 2014). This has increased the demand for the fresh juices and other healthy food items in the market. The findings of the market survey revealed that around 1.8 million Australians preferred to have juice bars over other sugared drinks in the year 2016 (Australian Food News, 2016). These people look for the drinks which provide nutrients to their body, and boost their energy. The consumers have started avoiding caffeine products and often look for food items which have the appropriate amount of calories (Australian Food News, 2016). The rising diseases have created a need for the product and the changing perception of the consumers has created a demand for the product in the market. The consumers are now motivated towards healthier drinks due to rising diseases in Australia. The targeted customers of Boost Juice are the young teenagers who are very conscious about their health to look better and stay fit (Boost Juice, 2012). The young generation between the ages 13 to 19 has switched their preferences to healthy juices over pizzas and hot chips. The increasing awareness among the youth, which is generally from the education in school concerning the rising obesity and other diseases due to intake of junk food, has also motivated the youth to adopt a healthier lifestyle by including fruit and vegetable juices in their diet (Mason, 2015). Discussion and Analysis The report would now discuss the factors that influence the consumer behavior and their decision making process to buy the Boost Juice Bars. Around 25 percent of the countrys children population suffers from overweight and obesity. The countrys obesity levels have gone beyond the level of America (AIHW, 2017). Around five million of the Australian population is obese and the reason for the obesity has been evaluated as the diet structure of Australians (MacBean, 2014). The major composition of an average diet of an Australian is sugar and fat. The advertising of the junk food influences the minds of children to purchase unhealthy food from the market. Overweight and obesity leads to various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. With the rising obesity, the risk of these diseases also increases and the people are unable to manage their chronic diseases (AIHW, 2017). Overweight and obesity are one of the great concerns for the Australian government. The Australian government has taken initiatives to create awareness among the consumers to switch to a healthier lifestyle and stay fit. According to the Professor Moodie, there is an urgent need to regulate the fast food industry of Australia and put an end to the rigorous advertising to the children (MacBean, 2014). The increasing health awareness by the Australian government and regulation of advertising of junk food by the government has created the need for a healthy food product which could attract the consumer. The government is also planning to impose sugar tax on the soft drinks and other sugared drinks (National Cancer Control Policy, 2017). The health awareness programs by governments are likely to affect the decision making process of the consumers. The government control and regulation has compelled schools and colleges to create health awareness among the children through education and programs (AIHW, 2017). The target segment of the Boost Juice Bars are the teenagers, whose decision making process is likely to be influenced by the school education. The children studying in schools and colleges suffer mostly from the problem of overweight and obesity. The education and health campaigns are likely to influence their decision making process of purchasing food products. Consumer Perception Increasing health awareness campaigns has changed the consumer perception With the rising health campaigns and initiatives by the government, the consumers have become conscious about their health and diseases. The consumers have started preferring the healthy food products over fat and sugared food products. A beverage survey was conducted to determine the nutrition value of the food items and the Boost Juice Bars were found to be the healthiest food products with high nutrition value. The products such as Coca cola, Lipton ice tea and Red Bull were revealed as the least nutritious food products (Cormack, 2016). The health awareness campaigns have influenced to minds of consumers to adopt a healthier lifestyle. The people have reduced the consumption of soft drinks and other sugared drinks in Australia. Approximately 6.6 million of the consumers were reported to purchase the packaged sugared drinks and the figure has reduced to 5.3 million in the year 2016 (Roy Morgan Research, 2016). The figures reveal that the perception of consumers has changed regarding the soft drinks and other sugared drinks. They have become more knowledgeable and concerned about their health from the increasing health awareness programs by the government. The changing perception of the consumer ultimately affects their decision making process of purchasing the food products. The consumers perceive the sugared drinks as the least nutritious food products and are switching towards fresh juices. Their changing perception influences them to buy drinks which are good for their health and have low amount of caffeine in them (Roy Morgan Research, 2016). The teenagers are most likely to be influenced by the changing perceptions because they are very concerned about their looks. They have prefer to have fresh juices for their breakfasts instead of sugared or caffeine drinks (Mason, 2015). Motivation Increasing health awareness campaigns has motivated to adopt a healthier lifestyle Motivation is another factor that influences the decision making process of a consumer. With the rising health diseases caused by overweight and obesity, the consumers are switching a healthier lifestyle comprising of nutritious diet. The rising diseases such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases have alarmed the government of Australia to take measures and actions (National Cancer Control Policy, 2017). This has motivated the consumer to switch to a healthier lifestyle by consuming fresh fruit juices. The decreasing sales of packaged drinks show the reduction of consumption of unhealthy food product (Parker, 2016). The health awareness campaigns have motivated the teenagers to adopt a healthier lifestyle. The teenagers are very much concerned about their looks and are therefore, motivated to buy fresh fruit and vegetable juices to live a healthier lifestyle. Recommendations Boost Juice has successfully established its market through right product, price, place and promotion strategy. The company launched the product at the right time when it was absolutely necessary to introduce fresh fruit and vegetable juices into the market. The changing consumer behavior was the reason to introduce the product. The company has very well utilized the product strategy to establish its brand in the market by providing unique consumer experience. The CEO of the company Janine Allis has very well captured the requirement of the customer and works on a simple strategy of never lying to the customer (Mills, 2011). Though, Boost Juice has successfully established its own market by giving the customer what he wants, but the companys sales decline during the winter season. The customers prefer drinking something hot during the winter season and therefore, they are not attracted towards the Boost Juice Bars. This adversely affects the sales of the company and the company may also incur revenue loss. Therefore, the company needs to strategically introduce new product for the winter season in order to retain its customers. Boost Juice has limited its portfolio to fruit and vegetable juices and it has an opportunity to expand its portfolio by introducing new product in the market. The new product would also focus on providing healthier lifestyle to the customers. The product range would be specifically designed for the winter season to increase the sales revenue of winter season by attracting the customers. The idea is to provide healthier drinks to the customers during the winter season by following the love philosophy of Janine Allis. People tend to prefer hot drinks during the winter season. The studies have proved that consuming hot drinks in winters is more beneficial than cold drinks and help to improve our health (Fleming, 2014). The new product introduced should be beneficial to the customers and encourage a healthier lifestyle. From this analysis, few products have been suggested for the winter season. Marketing Mix: Product Mulled Cranberry Cider, Lemonade Raspberry and Pumpkin Latte are the three products that would be launched in the winter season with the goal to provide healthy drinks to the customers. These drinks are warm and prepared from fruits, vegetables and spices which are necessary to support the immune system of the body. Mulled cranberry cider is prepared from the ingredients cranberry juice, oranges, honey, cloves, cinnamon sticks, dried cranberries and vanilla extract (All Recipes, 2017). The hot drink is 100 percent fat free and has a great nutritious value. Honey helps to prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases through its antioxidants and flavonoids content. It also controls gastrointestinal disorders and helps to reduce ulcers through its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. It is a natural source of energy and is a great energy booster. It also provides relief during cough and cold (Herrington, 2012). Another ingredient cloves has number of health benefits such as fighting against cancer and controlling diabetes (Organic Facts, 2017). Its antimicrobial properties help in digestion and preserve the quality of bone (Organic Facts, 2017). Further, cinnamon has great medicinal properties and is used as an antioxidant to protect the body. Its anti-inflammatory properties support immunity s ystem and help to fight infections and diseases (Leech, 2017). Mulled cranberry cider would prove to be a great product for winters and would encourage healthier lifestyle. Lemonade Raspberry - Hot Drink Mix Lemonade raspberry would be prepared from the ingredients lemonade mix, raspberry and tea mix (Taste of Home, 2017). The drink has numerous health benefits for the adults. Its antioxidant property offers great health benefits. It is a great source of vitamins, fiber and ellagic acid. The drink helps to fight against cancer. The drink also helps to reduce weight of the body through its antioxidant property (Organic Facts, 2017). Pumpkin lattes would be prepared from different spices cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and allspice (Mikuta, 2017). The drink is one of the healthiest drinks and develops immunity to fight cancer, helps to reduce blood pressure, acts as an anti-inflammatory and supports digestion (Mikuta, 2017). Pumpkin helps to improve eye sight, reduces weight and blood pressure by supporting the immune system of the body (Mikuta, 2017). It is a warm and healthy drink which would motivate people to live a healthier life. Marketing Mix: Promotion Boost Juice has already attracted the youngsters through its great range of juices and smoothies. For the winters, the target audience would comprise of old people, who suffer from the problem of obesity, cancer and heart diseases. The drinks have been prepared especially for this target audience. Therefore, the promotional activities would have to be created so that the old people are inclined to buy these drinks. Implications The introduction of the product in the market would attract the old people who consistently look for healthier food choices. From the study and analysis, it has been concluded that Australians are suffering from the problem of overweight and obesity and this has become one of the great concerns for the government because obesity leads to diseases such as cancer and heart diseases. The government is taking initiatives to increase health awareness among the Australians. Boost juice would benefit from the government campaigns and initiatives to promote healthier lifestyle. The people are likely to be affected by the government activities and become more health conscious. The rising obesity has already alarmed the users to switch to juices and other healthier drinks. The people largely suffer from the problems of cancer, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases (Baker IDI, 2012). Approximately 1.7 million people suffer from the disease of diabetes in Australia. The suggested hot drinks would attract large audience from this segment and would increase the sales in winter (Diabetes Australia, 2015). Conclusion The report has successfully discussed and analyzed the consumer behavior for the brand Boost Juice. Boost Juice offers the customer a healthier lifestyle through its innovative products such as Boost Juice Bars, Protein and Energy Juices, Calorie Counters and others. The brand has successfully established its market by understanding the need and requirement of the customer. A customers decision making process is affected by many factors such as personality, need, motivation, perception and others. The factors influencing consumer behavior were identified as need, consumer perception and motivation. The rising obesity and diseases in Australia created a need for the product in the minds of consumers. People started to look for healthy food choices to maintain their health. The next factor was changing consumer perception. The consumers perception began to change regarding the junk food and sugared drinks because of rising overweight and diseases such as diabetes. The people started pr eferring health drinks such as juices and began to avoid sugared drinks which have been found to be least nutritious. Further, the people were motivated by the health campaign organized by government. The report suggests ways to improve marketing strategies using product and promotion of marketing mix. Introduction of three hot drinks which have been prepared from nutritious ingredients would attract the old people who suffer from heart and sugar diseases. References AIHW. (2017). Overweight and obesity. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/overweight-and-obesity/ All Recipes. (2017). Mulled Cranberry Cider. All Recipes. Retrieved from: https://allrecipes.com/recipe/24298/mulled-cranberry-cider/ Australian Food News. (2016). Packaged fruit juice brands downward shift in mature market. Australian Food News: Thought For Food. Retrieved from: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2016/11/02/packaged-fruit-juice-brands-downward-shift-in-mature-market.html Baker IDI. (2012). Diabetes: the silent pandemic and its impact on Australia. Baker IDI. Retrieved from: https://static.diabetesaustralia.com.au/s/fileassets/diabetes-australia/e7282521-472b-4313-b18e-be84c3d5d907.pdf Boost Juice. (2012). Boost Study Kit. Boost Juice. Retrieved from: https://www.boostjuice.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/A4173_BBB_Study-Kit_2012_v1.pdf Cormack, L. (2016). How nutrition in on-the-go drinks from Boost Juice, Nudie and McDonalds compares. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/how-nutrition-in-onthego-drinks-from-boost-juice-nudie-and-mcdonalds-compares-20160907-graq9o.html Diabetes Australia. (2015). Diabetes in Australia. Diabetes Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/diabetes-in-australia Dias, D. (2016). How to succeed in retail: Four tips from Boost Juice chairman Jeff Allis. Smart Company. Retrieved from: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/industries/retail/73781-how-to-succeed-in-retail-four-tips-from-boost-juice-ceo-jeff-allis/ Fleming, A. (2014). A little warmth goes a long way the science of hot drinks. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2014/oct/28/hot-drinks-science-tasting-notes Herrington, D. (2012). 10 Health Benefits of Honey. Care2. Retrieved from: https://www.care2.com/greenliving/10-health-benefits-of-honey.html Jasper, C. (2014). Consumer concern over sugar driving down Australian fruit juice sales. ABC News. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/rural-news/2014-11-07/nrn-fruit-juice-sales/5873918 Leech, J. (2017). 10 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Cinnamon. Authority Nutrition. Retrieved from: https://authoritynutrition.com/10-proven-benefits-of-cinnamon/ MacBean, N. (2014). Australian obesity rates climbing faster than anywhere else in the world, study shows. ABC News. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-29/australian-obesity-rates-climbing-fastest-in-the-world/5485724 Mason, M. (2015). How green smoothies and kale became cooler than Maccas. News. Retrieved from: https://www.news.com.au/news/how-green-smoothies-and-kale-became-cooler-than-maccas/news-story/1227555922922 Mikuta, K. (2017). 5 Hot Drinks that Will Keep You Healthy This Winter. Retrieved from: https://www.cleaneatingmag.com/slideshow/5-hot-drinks-that-will-keep-you-healthy-this-winter/5/ Mills, K. (2011). Smooth operator. AFR Weekend. Retrieved from: https://www.afr.com/business/smooth-operator-20110209-jzbum National Cancer Control Policy. (2017). Position statement Sugar-sweetened beverages. National Cancer Control Policy. Retrieved from: https://wiki.cancer.org.au/policy/Position_statement_-_Sugar-sweetened_beverages Organic Facts. (2017). Health Benefits Of Cloves. Organic Facts. Retrieved from: https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/herbs-and-spices/health-benefits-of-cloves.html Pacific Magazines. (2013). Australias new wave of health wellbeing trends revealed. Seven West Media. Retrieved from: https://www.sevenwestmedia.com.au/docs/default-source/business-unit-news/australia's-2013-health-report.pdf?sfvrsn=2 Parker, G. (2016). How Australians Really Consumer Soft Drinks. Australian Beverages. Retrieved from: 1. https://australianbeverages.org/australians-consume-soft-drink/ Roy Morgan Research (2016). Fruit juice brands fighting for shrinking market (except for trend-buster Nudie). Roy Morgan Research. Retrieved from: https://www.roymorgan.com.au/findings/7023-fruit-juice-brands-fighting-for-shrinking-market-except-nudie-201610250954 Taste of Home. (2017). Hot Raspberry-Lemonade Drink Mix. Taste of Home. Retrieved from: https://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/hot-raspberry-lemonade-drink-mix

Sentencing Prison and Considerable Discretion Essay Example

Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion Essay Sentencing CJA 234 Sentencing is directly tied to punishment and we see that the state and federal government agree on five objectives that a punishment is intended to bring in an offender. The five objectives are incapacitation, deterrence, restitution, retribution, rehabilitation, depending on the discretion of the Judge and the circumstances surround how the crime was committed the sentence will be amid at accomplishing one of these. Here is how the five objectives work: 1. Incapacitation: is designed to remove the offender from society thus removing the opportunity to commit crimes or arm, or execution of the offender for extremely gross and horrific crimes. 2. Deterrence: as other individuals are punished and sentenced to fines and incarceration for crimes, others will be deterred from committing those crimes or similar ones. 3. Restitution: This focuses on the fact that an offender has wronged the victim and must pay for his action either in some sort of incarceration sentence or service to the community. In civil case this means the violator will pay a court decided amount to the victim. 4. Retribution: This is the way of the old world and best displayed in the Hammurabis Code. This is an eye for an eye; an offender should be punished for what he did whether that is with his life or with hard labor. 5. Rehabilitation: This is most common in our prisons today, attempting to treat the offender by either giving them skills to be productive citizens or treating an emotional aliment. The goal for this is to treat and release a productive citizen back to society. We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Affects of Sentencing on Corrections Sentencing directly affects the entire correctional system regardless if it state or federal, this is due to the fact that sentences given to guilty offenders are served in orrectional institutions or under the supervision of correctional agencies. If sentencing is lenient then you will see that correction system will have a lower number of inmates and clients, yet when the sentencing is harasser you will see huge increases in prison population and with the clients in correctional that we see either at the state or federal level will directly lead to more offenders serving longer or mandatory sentences. As best described in our reading The first is the Judicial form of sentencing, in which Judges are granted considerable discretion in sentencing decisions. Under this form, penal codes create broad ranges of llowable sentences for each crime; allow Judges to decide whether to grant a sentence of probation or incarceration; and, if sending the offender to prison, define a broad range of the length of time to be served. The second is the administrative form of sentencing, which grants considerable discretion to officials of the executive branch of government. This includes prison officials in the award of good time and parole board members in determining when inmates will be released. More recently, the legislative form of sentencing has come to dominate sentencing across many states and the federal government. This approach grants most of the discretion to the legislative branch of government; legislative bodies create penal codes with determinate sentences and little (or no) discretion available to Judges. Legislative forms of sentencing include mandatory minimum sentences, presumptive sentencing, and the use of sentencing guidelines. (Seiter 2011). The discretion giving to either Judges or legislative branch on sentencing has been seen in recent years as we all know the over population in California prisons has gain the attention of the federal government. Due to tough on repeat offender legislation that had been assed we see that sentencing minimums were set higher for repeat offenders causing prison population to explode, this is a vivid example of how sentencing affects prisons overall. Sentencing Models There are many thoughts on how sentencing should and should not be done and regulated, so we see that there are many models individuals hold to. The most common models are determinate and indeterminate sentencing which are the ones widely used by both state and federal courts. Indeterminate sentences blend the decision by the sentencing Judge and a later decision by a release authority to etermine the actual time served. At the time of sentencing, Judges sentence offenders to indeterminate sentences, with a minimum and maximum amount of time to be served (for example, two to five years or ten to twenty years). After serving the minimum term, offenders are eligible to be released and their cases are reviewed by a parole board Determinate sentences are sentences of fixed terms. Offenders are eligible for release following the completion of the time to be served (for example, five years). Determinate sentences are not reviewed by anybody and offenders are not subject to release by parole boards. When offenders complete their sentence terms, they are released. Determinate sentences were used throughout the eighteenth century in the United States. Sentencing Judges were believed to have the most informed knowledge of offenders and the amount of time needed to punish them and deter them from further crimes. Therefore, Judges were granted considerable discretion in determining the prescribed sentence. (Seiter 2011). As we see in this portion from the reading that indeterminate sentence give a blend of discretion both to the Judge and rather the board that will review an offender for elease, while determinate sentences offer no such wiggle room and are sentences that must be served in full. The model that I feel is most appropriate is the deliberate act of individual knowingly violating the law and cause harm or loss of freedom to another individual. I feel that if criminals and offenders knew that they would be sentenced quickly and have to serve a hard sentence in full they would decide not to commit the crime. I feel this is because career criminals have been in and out of the system and they know that if they do certain things when an ndeterminate model is used they can get released earlier if that simple go along or pretend to be successful in programs while in prison. This has breed a portion of prison culture in the fact that offenders commit crime with the foreknowledge that if they play along and behave in prison they will only serve a fraction of the sentence that is given to them. The end goal of our prison should be to have a recidivism rate of zero percent and to find an effective way of accomplishing this and I strongly feel that if a determinate model is fully enforced we can move forward towards that goal.

Communication Plan Essays - Communication, Business Communication

Communication Plan Essays - Communication, Business Communication Communication Plan (Student's Name) (Professor's Name) (Course) (Date of Submission) Communication can be described as the process of transmitting ideas and information. In order to communicate effectively it is important to come up with a communication plan. A communication plan is a plan that describes what an organization plans to accomplish with the information is transmits outside or receives. A communication plan outlines the company objectives, the tools that are used to generate information and the intended recipients. It also describes the kind of data that can be shared and how that data can be distributed. A communication plan also clearly identifies the people who have the responsibility coming up with information, managing it, knowing t what time it should be communicated and where the communication records should be stored (Danter, 2010). The purpose of a communication plan is that it acts as a proactive measure to ensuring that every person has correct and accurate information and in a timely manner. A communication plan describes the persons responsible for generating each kind of communication and also describes how often the information can be distributed and updated. Communication consists of public relations and conference materials, print publications, online content and legal documents. Types of communication may also include reports, speeches, surveys and other organization documents. The mechanisms that are used to deliver information consist of websites, posters and brochures. A calendar is also included in the communication plan to specify at what time and date communication materials will be readily available (Danter, 2010). In addition, the communication plan defines a strategy or method to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of communication and identify how well the communication worked. Planning and coordination are important elements required in order to have an effective business communication. In order to get the intended information to external or internal audiences it is important to understand the objectives of communication planning. Proper planning in delivering a corporate message can make a huge difference in getting the intended results and not creating disastrous public relations with information that is misinterpreted. One of the major objectives of effective communication is consistency. A communication plan should build consistency in the message or information that is significant in maintenance of the organizations public image (Turner, 2013). It is important to ensure that all the correspondence going out to the media contains a similar message and the employees and managerial staff should also understand the information the organization is discharging. This assists a lot in prevention of contradicting messages from different people within the same company. It also prevents creating confusion with the audience. In the recent past the field of IT has experienced a lot of growth and so many businesses have taken technology seriously in order to achieve their goals. An effective communication plan should be created to ensure that the lines of IT and business work effectively and that each field is accountable for its contribution towards the organizations goals. While creating the communication plan the primary step is to identify the purpose of creating a communication plan. It is also important to know the proper time to develop a communication plan (Turner, 2013). A research communication audit should be conducted to evaluate the current communication between IT and business. There are organizations that hire firms to conduct a research but the price can be very high. In order to conduct a proper audit it is important to know what every staff member is doing in terms of communication, what each activity is designed to achieve and how effective each activity is (Yee, 2013). The stake holders in this case should be the business officials and information technology officers. After conducting a research it is important to come up with goals. The goals will be what the two fields aim at achieving by communicating together by considering both the financial and human resources. The goals should not be too ambitious and unachievable. Each field is required to work towards achieving the set goals in the best ways possible. After identifying the goals, objectives and tools of communication plan. The next important step is to establish a timetable. Establishing a timetable ensures that the teams are aware of what needs to be done at what time and it also helps in assessing whether the plan is behind or ahead of the scheduled time. The main reason for evaluating a communication plan is to ensure accountability. It is important to know what has been achieved and justify the time, funds and energy expenditure (Yee, 2013). Another reason for evaluating the communication plan is improvement. It is important

Strongest and Weakest Parts of a Magnet

Strongest and Weakest Parts of a Magnet Did you know that the magnetic field of a magnet is not uniform? The strength of the field varies depending on its location around the magnet. The magnetic field of a bar magnet is strongest at either pole of the magnet. It is equally strong at the north pole when compared with the south pole. The force is weaker in the middle of the magnet and halfway between the pole and the center. If you were to sprinkle iron filings on a piece of paper and place the magnet beneath it, you could see the path of the magnetic field lines. The field lines are closely packed at either pole of the magnet, widening as they get farther from the pole and connecting to the opposite pole of the magnet. The magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole. The magnetic field gets weaker the farther you get from either pole, so a bar magnet is only useful for picking up small items over short distances. Where Is the Magnetic Field Strongest? Iron filings make a pattern tracing field lines because each bit of iron is itself a tiny dipole (the separation between magnetic fields). The force the dipole experiences is proportional to the strength of the dipole and proportional to the rate at which the magnetic field changes. The dipole tries to align itself with a magnetic field, but at the ends of a bar magnet, the field lines are very close together. What this indicates is that the magnetic field varies strongly over a short distance compared to the variation closer to the middle of the magnet. Because the magnetic field changes so dramatically, a dipole feels more force.

To what extent do electronic cimmerce influence the lifestyle of Research Paper

To what extent do electronic cimmerce influence the lifestyle of lancaster people - Research Paper Example People who utilise e-commerce are influenced by many factors that drive desire to use the Internet or other mobile technologies. These include free delivery of product, the ability of the seller to ensure accuracy of order fulfilment and exchange and return opportunities. Research has also shown that there is even more incentive when sellers reduce potential risks, such as privacy and payment security (Makhija and Stewart 2002). These factors tend to influence increased use of e-commerce as a lifestyle tool. However, there is a gap in literature about, specifically, Lancaster residents and whether e-commerce influences their lifestyles and is deemed a relevant and valuable method of shopping or conducting other business. This study maintains the ability to gain an understanding of a specific geographic region and the extent to which e-commerce is considered a constructive and beneficial tool. According to Price (2014), e-commerce is becoming a widespread trend in consumer shopping, with buyers spending 23 percent of every British Pound spent on shopping in the e-commerce environment. What attributes to this growing trend for an industry now worth  £17 billion? Asfend-e-yar and Tjoa (2013) assert that social familiarity with computer science improves acquaintance with online shopping, making the industry flourish. Furthermore, online shopping maintains fewer costs to the purchaser, including labour expenditures and economics. This is due to the fact that e-commerce sellers have much less overhead costs than in a traditional bricks-and-mortar retail outlet (Lamson-Hall 2013). This has implications on whether a company can provide attractive pricing, facilitated by a more streamlined distribution system allowing for more price-conscious movement of inventories that translates into a better opportunity for buyers. Hence, e-commerce can facilitate more convenient and simpli stic shopping experiences than in traditional bricks-and-mortar retail outlets. There

US Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Steel - Essay Example The US steel industry justification for its request for protection is loss of jobs of many workers in the steel industry, as far as the workers unions are concerned, due to closure of business or folding up of some steel producers, due to lower import prices of steel products than those locally produced. As to whether the justification is legitimate should be gauged by a declaration of a body authorized by law to make determination. As far as the Bush administration is concerned, it may have believed that the justification was legitimate when it decided to self initiate Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. Section 201 is the law for the protection of domestic industry in addition to the antidumping and countervailing duty laws. Said law operates not on proof of unfair trade practices but by ITC determinations that the volume of a particular import constituted a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to a domestic industry. The president can impose a temporary import relief without violating the rules of the World Trade Organization and after initiating, in a give industry, the case will go straight to the ITC, which rules on the case and, if positive, will make recommendation to the President, who then has 60 days to come up with a remedy. The remedy could be no action at al l, a tariff, a quota, a tariff-rate quota or some form of trade adjustment assistance. The legitimacy as believed by the President is questioned by domestic steel consumers and free trade advocates, who claims that the tariffs were blatantly protectionist, and could damage US steel-using industries more than they would help producers, and were adopted for purely political reasons, such a gaining support prior to the November midterm elections, and positioning Bush for the 2004 presidential election [FN3]. Gerald O’ Dricoll, director of the Heritage Foundations’ Center for International Trade and Economic commented on the Bush administration self-initiating Section

The social consequences as a result of EU expansion Essay Example for Free

The social consequences as a result of EU expansion Essay The accession of ten nations of Eastern Europe will increase the existing social crisis in these nations and also the entire EU. The Eastern Europe population has already suffered a lot as a result of increase in unemployment levels, poverty decreased wages, the destruction of various social provisions in the region in an attempt of fulfilling the membership requirements of EU. There has been introduction of conditions of a free market, the enterprises which were formerly being controlled by the governments have been privatized and also taking up measures which are quite radical by various states in order to join the EU has left the economies and social conditions of their countries very much devastated (MCCORMICK, 2007). The wage levels in the countries that are seeking to be admitted to the EU community are currently lower by 5 to 8 times as compared to the wage levels in the EU. The per capita average of the gross domestic product in EU countries is currently about twenty four thousand two hundred and fifty euros which is quite high when compared to that of states that are seeking to join the EU community such as Hungary and Latvia that only have a gross domestic product of seven thousand and eighty euros and three thousand seven hundred and forty respectively. The main cause of poverty in most states seeking admission into the EU community is unemployment; it has increased drastically in these countries over the last one and a half decades. A good example is that of the republic of Czech where it has increased from about zero point seven percent in 1990 to about six point five in the year 1998 and it is currently about eleven percent. On average, this percentage is twice as much in EU (Fischer, 2000). Although, the figures given above do not give a true reflection of the comparison, since there exists a lot of regional disparity. But the quest for countries to become members of the EU community and thus trying as much as they can to fulfill the conditions set is an obvious factor that has made these countries to experience some of these devastating problems like increased levels of unemployment and deterioration in the social amenities. In Bratislava which is the Slovakian capital, which is about sixty kilometers away from Vienna, the levels of unemployment are about four percent. This increases to approximately sixty percent in the rural regions which are about two hundred kilometers to the east. A comparable range of unemployment can be observed in the state of Hungary. Although, the unemployment levels are very minimal in the Budapest City, in the rural areas it increases to more than forty percent (MCCORMICK, 2007). The enterprises of the Western Europe consider the regions in the east of Europe as a paradise for their investments. This has made the states in the Eastern Europe to reduce their taxes in an attempt to make of making these regions attractive to the Western Europe investors. Czech Republic has reduced the rate of business taxes by about seven to twenty four percent. Poland has followed the steps of Slovakia and has introduced a tax rate which is uniform of nineteen percent which is applied uniformly whether one is just as ordinary employee or is a millionaire (MCCORMICK, 2007). The tax incentives together with massive differentials in the average wages has made several corporations to rapidly shift their production plants to the Eastern Europe states. This will in future make the states in these regions such as Slovakia to become the major car producers in the world when computed per person of the Slovakian population. Information and Technology as well as service industries are also being moved to these regions this will in future mean the creation of massive jobs in these regions as well as development of infrastructure (Roney, Budd, 1998). However, despite the major benefits that is likely to arise as a result of the tax incentives in these regions, the tax experts are warning the governments of these states that these measures are likely to be insufficient to enable these governments adequately cater for all their needs. They will also never be fully compensated for the shortfalls they will experience from the decreased revenues arising due to the reforms. These tax measures will leave several big holes in their budgets and as a result they will not be able to provide their citizens with all the necessary social amenities (MCCORMICK, 2007). In part, this state of affairs has been achieved already in the countries that wish to become members of the EU community. As far as the economists are concerned the foreign trade and budget deficits are the real potential crisis to the economies of these accession states. A good example is the one Estonia where the deficit in its budget rose to about fifteen percent in 2003. This is higher by about five times when compared to the deficit in the Argentinean budget in 2001 which was responsible of provoking a massive financial crisis. In 2004 Hungary, there was massive pressure on the forint as a result of the increasing deficit in the country’s budget. At that time the deficit in the foreign trade was about fifty eight percent while in Latvia it approximated sixty four percent of the total gross domestic products (Hofmann, Turk, 2006). Contrary, the accession countries will not improve the state of affairs even after they become members to the EU community. All the relevant economic indicators show that the disparity in wages between the west and the east will continue to persist for more than a decade after their accession. Again the reforms being undertaken by the states in the east of Europe will continue even after their accession. For example, the government of the Republic of Czech revealed that more reduction in pensions provision and health sector were necessary. Considering the prevailing welfare condition in the country, such a move can only be equated to privatization (MCCORMICK, 2007). Most likely, the Western Europe conditions will be modified with the conditions of states that are seeking accession. Even more attacks which are very comprehensive on the social standards and wages will be required to continue being competitive. According to an economic research study that was conducted by the University of Munich, indicated that the cut in wages that has been proposed in East Germany should be implemented. This is because after the accession of the Eastern Europe states, the regional financial support that was coming from the Brussels will decrease and this will lead to increased unemployment which will be a major threat to the economy of these countries (MCCORMICK, 2007).

Attachment and Monogamy as Studied in People and Rodents :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Attachment and Monogamy as Studied in People and Rodents "It had to be you, it had to be you I wandered around, and finally found - the somebody who Could make me be true, and could make me be blue And even be glad, just to be sad - thinking of you." -Written by Gus Kahn and Isham Jones (10) The mystery of monogamy has puzzled the human race for a long time. Monogamy is usually reasoned to be the result of an attachment that is strong enough to make someone be true to their loved one. Writers, artists, great lovers, the broken-hearted, and many other people, have entertained the question: if there is such a thing as monogamy, what is responsible for it? Recently scientists have started to seriously ponder the same question. Within the past few years exciting studies and experiments have been done with the intent to delve into this complicated question, which ultimately pertains to love. In 1999, scientists at Emory University led experiments with voles and mice to study monogamy. (1) In 2000, scientists from the University College of London studied the brain activity in a group of people who were "truly, deeply and madly in love" entitled The Neural Basis of Romantic Love. (2) Although no conclusions can be reached, many interesting observations are being made about mono gamy and romantic attachment. Prairie voles are monogamous creatures, so much that eighty percent of the time males refuse to mate with any vole other than their first mate, and both parents tend to their offspring. (3) Montane voles, who are a very closely related species to prairie voles, are polygamous. (4) Both female and male montane voles leave each other and their offspring after mating. "Prairie voles spend more than 50% of the time in close physical contact with each other, whereas montane voles spend less than 5% of the time in close proximity to other individuals." (5) After studying the social patters of other species of voles, like pine and meadow voles, it is apparent that two neuropeptides are responsible for the difference in social interaction. (4) Oxytocin, in females, and vasopressin, in males are the two chemicals which help prairie voles to be monogamous. (4) These same chemicals are present in montane voles, but do not have the same effect. (5) Oxytocin and vasopressin are released after the prairie voles mate, so that they form an "attachment." (1)

Is democracy the best form of governance? Essay

Democracy is debatably , by far the most challenging form of governance for both, politicians and the people. Though democracy is often described as the government elected by the people, there are cases where a country’s decision to change from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one has been forced upon by foreign interventions. However, recent political insurgency in countries where democracy has been imposed shows that for the people to truly accept and respect the ideals of democracy, it must grow naturally. Many argue that interventions can be successful given the right conditions. For instance chances of the democratic transactions being successful if the state has a stable economy is relatively higher. There have been past successes like Germany and Japan after World War II where imposition of democracy has worked. It is also seen that in many cases without intervention, the individuals who were seeking to defend their rights in their homeland would have been unsucc essful. For example the people’s movement in Libya, though it had gained much suport would have been suppressed had it not been for the NATO’s involvement. There is also the concept that promoting democracy promotes peace. If people are given their freedom to air their views and feelings of marginalization are prevented then terrorism is less likely to arise. Thus promoting democracy by imposing it, we increase the chances of a peaceful world. Many believe that democracy is the best form of governance which ensures that the rights of the citizens are not violated and gives them the freedom to express their ideas and thus it is their ‘humanitarian obligation’ to bring democracy to those who do not have it. On the contrary, it is believed that an intervention is very likely to fail as the government is being formed against the country’s will and is less likely to gain support. Democratic governments prove to be successful only when the government is chosen by the people and is more likely to command respect and maintain order. Democracies are not necessarily more peaceful than other form of governments. Just because democracies have not gone to war in the past does not mean that it is less likely to go into war in the future. Invasions, mainly by the western nations, increase the tension between the East and the West and force the formation of terrorist groups which in turn threatens world peace. The 9/11 attack is proof enough to say that imposing democracy fuels terrorist groups. In Osama Bin Laden’s â€Å"letter to the American people† he cited interventions in Somalia, India,  Palestine, Chechnya, Lebanon and Iraq as reasons for the attack. Just because we prioritize and believe on political self determination being an important value, it does not mean that all nations believe in it too. For instance some nations may prioritize on religious value and prefer to be ruled by a government which promises divine authority. And some may believe in stability of the government and might not want it to keep on changing every few years. Countries of the middle east like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan and so on can be taken as examples while considering countries which are non-democratic and peaceful. Taking recent happenings into consideration, western efforts to impose democracy has largely failed. For instance in countries like Iraq, Afghanistan and Vietnam the imposition of democracy has led to political instability but still western countries, United States in particular believes that it is their duty to bring democracy to other countries. Trying to transfer the western lifestyle to totally different locations with complex history and traditions is not an easy task. Besides, when people are bullied into following a completely different system, people are most likely to oppose it. Today’s fully functional democratic countries include Spain, Portugal, Greece, etc which were once ruled by dictators and only turned into democracies after homegrown movements and the politically instable countries include Iraq, Afghanistan, Egypt, etc where democracy was imposed. Thus, we can see that imposing democracy has led to nothing but disruption in the long term. Imposing democracy has caused more disruption than peace. ‘The white man’s burden’ as the movement is most popularly referred to , has caused much tension between the west and the east. Imposing democracy in countries where people prioritize values like religion and stability is not going to be successful as the people are not going to be cooperative. And the government formed that is not formed for the people is, by definition not a democracy. Democracy, even if established by imposition will still be the ‘rule of the majority’ however for the people to truly accept this for m of governance it must grow naturally.

Materials Management Proposal

Materials and operations management play a crucial role in the success of any organization. Of particular importance to the materials and operations divisions is management’s complete understanding of the hospitals functions as a whole entity. After reading this paper, one will understand the importance of materials management and operations management as well as how both departments must work together to ensure the hospital runs efficiently and maintains profitability. Furthermore, one will also understand the importance of a supply chain and possible constraints to the implementation of the process. Additionally, one will understand the effects of a new collaborative planning process and why such a process is beneficial to the hospital. Finally, suggestions will be given to enable the hospital to manage the supply chain in situations of disaster. Role of Materials and Operations Management Materials management is perhaps the most important part of health care as â€Å"total expenditures can total nearly 50% of a hospital's budget† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 41). Materials managers are held responsible for many functions. However, the most important attribute a materials manager must possess is coordination. â€Å"Materials management directs the healthcare supply chain by coordinating the flow of goods from manufacturers, through distributors, through hospital receiving docks, to the point of ultimate use or consumption† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 242). Operations management is another important function of a hospital. Healthcare operations management is the quantitative management of the supporting business systems and processes that transform resources (or inputs) into healthcare services (outputs)† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 6). Just as materials managers have many functions and goals, so too do operations managers. Key functions of the operations manager include â€Å"workflow, physical layout, capacity design, physical network optimization, staffing levels, productivity management, supply chain and logistics management, quality management, and process engineering† (Langabeer, 2008, p. ). Goals of the operations manager include reducing costs, reducing variability and improving logistics flow, improving productivity, improving the quality of customer service, and continuously improving business processes (Langabeer, 2008). However, the most important goal operations managers must strongly consider when implementing a materials management plan is reducing costs. Operations managers have many opportunities to reduce costs. Costs can be reduced by analyzing budgets, tracking resources, and finding ways to reduce product and services costs. â€Å"Finding waste, improving utilization, and generally stabilizing and reducing the overall cost of delivering services are essential functions† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 9). The most effective way for operations managers to reduce costs is to record all aspects of the organization and periodically review progress either monthly or quarterly. A hospital with appropriate tracking and management systems will be much more likely to reduce costs because it understands the underlying cost structure† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 9). A few ways materials management influences operations management are as follows: â€Å"the nature of the activities† in the materials management department â€Å"is actually quite operational, they have an impact on downstream departments and patient satisfaction, they are labor-intensive processes, and many times they draw from the s ame labor talent pool† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 244). Constraints to the Supply Chain Constraints are inevitable and every organization is prone to them whether the organization is in the manufacturing sector or service sector. A few constraints hospitals face include â€Å"managing supply levels, higher labor costs, space constraints, and multiple product classifications† (Sentient Health, 2007). Considering the above constraints, the main goal of both operations and materials managers is to reduce costs. The most beneficial way for hospitals to overcome constraints as well as reduce costs is to automate the supply chain. Supply automation is the use of technology to streamline inventory, consumption, charging and ordering procedures. Examples of this include the use of bar codes or radio frequency identification to identify and track inventory as it moves throughout the supply chain† (Sentient Health, 2007, p. 2). However before implementation can begin, the hospital must evaluate the advantages of automation as well as t he factors the hospital must consider when deciding to implement such a system. According to Sentient Health (2007), the advantages of automation include â€Å"reduced manual effort, greater information accuracy, improved inventory performance, improved cash flow, improved space utilization, and improved purchasing decisions† (p. 3). While understanding the benefits of such a system is important to the process, knowing which areas the system will have an effect on is detrimental to the hospitals implementation success. Factors to consider before implementing such a system include â€Å"mobility, ease of use, cost/budget/objectives, flexibility/ease of integration, and reporting† (Sentient Health, 2007, p. 3). Effects and Justification of a New Collaborative Planning Process Although automation is one option for the hospital to reduce costs and improve supply chains, other options such as sales and operations planning (S&OP) and collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR). The main focus of S&OP is to coordinate demand and supply with the intention of increasing the hospital’s profitability (Langabeer, 2008). To ensure the S&OP process is successful, the hospitals operations management must focus on four key principles: (1) provide a common base of information around the immediate market dynamics; (2) manage supply chain performance; (3) manage product portfolios collaboratively; and (4) create business plans and scenarios in which departments can share. According to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"benefits from the S&OP process include better cross-functional alignment, gap analysis, more efficient resource planning, and more effective use of promotional resources† (p. 338). CPFR is another option available to the hospital. â€Å"CPFR seeks to improve the relationship between retailers and suppliers with the intent to achieve full collaboration and improve the sharing of information around consumer point-of-sales data through the retail supply chain to improve overall chain performance† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 338). The main difference between CPFR and the other two options available to reduce costs and improve supply chains is a set of guidelines operations managers must follow during implementation. The guidelines are as follows: (1) share a common philosophy among all parties of implementation; (2) operations managers must use specific definitions and detail into the business process; (3) operations managers must ensure data resulting from the process is precise, easily accessible, and understood completely by all parties taking part in the process. Finally, for CPFR to be successful, milestones must be set. Particular milestones of importance to the hospital â€Å"include an improvement in forecasting accuracy, improvements in customer service levels or fill rates to providers, increased product line availability, reduction of inventory levels, and generally better financial cash flows† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 340-341). Coping in a Disaster Situation Disaster situations are difficult to plan for because disasters are unpredictable. However, materials and operations managers must understand the implications a disaster situation has on the hospital as well as ways to effectively handle such a situation to ensure patient safety, customer satisfaction, and profitability remain a priority. Richey (2009) refers to a pyramid when discussing supply chains in disaster situations. The composition of the pyramid includes the following tiers: capstone-resource management; left-facing front corner-collaboration, which is based on the relationship management theory; right-facing front corner-communication, which is based on communication theory; and back corner-contingency planning, which is based on the competing values theory. According to Richey (2009, p. 621), he interconnection† of the above principles include â€Å"(1) finding ways to effectively partner and develop improving collaborative relationships built of long-term commitment; (2) fostering information development and exchange for facilitating strategic planning based in limited safeguarding; and (3) developing contingency programs that incorporate the flexibility for responding to the inevitable changes in expected events while pursuing sometimes inconsistent goals. Conclusion  Materials and operations management work hand-in-hand to ensure the hospital runs as efficiently as possible. Furthermore, understanding all aspects of the supply chain will ensure materials and operations managers are readily equipped to deal with situations of disaster. However, operations and materials managers must understand the importance of such a concept. Understanding how to handle such a situation will ensure materials and operations managers the ability to maintain order as well as patient safety and continued profitability.

Learning The Hard Way Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Learning The Hard Way Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Learning The Hard Way Afer complenting my first two years of college in a tiny junior college in Kentucky, I enrolled in Illinois State University, confident that I would well, because I haad sone well in the past. The size of the place was a bit daunting. The first challenge was finding a parking space. Where before I had parked ion a tree-lined street and walked the short distance to the main calssroom building at Bthel junior College, now I was confronted with acres of parking spaces which seemed miles from the classroom buildings. Classes were not just up one hall or down the next, as I had grown increasingly oneous. Unike Southerners who greet everyone, including strangers, with Hey! people rarely spoke. On a campus of over 10,000 students, I felt completely salone. Years later, as a graduate student at increasingly larger schools, I recalled feelings overwhelmed by the size and (seeming) indifference of ISC. One defining moment got me off to a terrible start, adn I never recovered. During my very first class at Illinois, I walked into a classroom and took a desk among thirty other students. After the instructor, a thin, balding male, called roll, he looked up adn asked, Is there anyone whose name I didn't call? I put up my hand, and he walked over to my seat. What is your name? he asked, pencil poised to write. Cindy Horne, I replied. How do you spell that? he asked. H-a-w-e-r-n? No, sir. 'H-o-r-n-e, I replied. H-o-r-n-e? he repeated. Yes, sir. then your name is not'Hawern, he mimicked. Your name is 'Horne,' he said, barking it out in one short, explosive syllable, a way I had never heard. The other students laughed, and he turned and walked to the front of the class. But my face flushed deep scarlet, and my eyes dropped to my notebook. For a long time, I did not look up but fought back tears adn retreated somewhere inside a feeling that I was completely out of place. What might for him have merely been an innocent attempt at humor by poking fun at a Southerner to break the ice of the first-day jitters, deeply humiliated me. I must REALLY be stupid, I thought, to not even know how to pronounce my own name! Today, I would pronbley laugh. Then, I was deeply ashaned. I never finished class. I dropped out of the university before the term was over. i suddenly felt inadequate, and no amount of study restored my confiednce. Two years later, I returned to Kentucky, enrolled in a small liberal arts college, completed my bachelor's degree, and wernt on to become an art teacher. I had many good teachers, but I learned a great lesson from that insentive man with the roll book, a lesson which has helped shape my educaitonal philosophy. I am glad I learned that lesson, even if it was painful at the time. It's has made me a better person.

Brooklyn (Colm Toibin) Essay

Cultural context reveals the world of the text. It shows us how the world impinges upon the lives of the characters. The novel I have studied is Brooklyn by Colm Toibin. Throughout the text we see many examples of the values of society. The position of women, men and family intrinsically establish the central characters in a specific position. The text has a dual setting between the 1950’s Catholic Ireland and the post world war two world of Brooklyn, America. The two locations help to expose the contrasting values and attitudes of the characters in their world. The role of women in society is vital for my understanding of the cultural context. It is predominantly stereotypical for the time. In both locations, women are subservient, with frequent families being patriarchal. In both locations, a woman’s main desire was ultimately to be married to a wealthy man. This is seen when Nancy and George are in a relationship. Many people respect Nancy at this time because George is from a high class of people, and this is considered to be an achievement for Nancy. At a later date, Nancy marries George and she becomes a well-valued and admired person in society. This is a contrast to Brooklyn, where, often women become educated before starting a family. Eilis’ career opportunities increase while she is in Brooklyn, as she aspires to be an accountant, rather then just a bookkeeper. A main value of women in society was their appearance. We see this in the lengthy preparation for the dances. It plays an important social role in meeting potential husbands. The behavior and values of women at the time is extremely important for the cultural context. Women were expected to adhere to certain moral values. This can be seen in both Ireland and Brooklyn at the dances. In Brooklyn, Eilis dances with Tony and knows she cannot dance with another boy after this. This shows us the attitudes towards women at this time. However, this attitude is felt much stronger in Ireland than Brooklyn. We can see this with Ms. Fortini. She reflects a contrasting attitude, being more independent and modern then the rest of the characters. A key moment in the text, which shows the values women have in society, would be when Ms. Kehoe locks the basement gate of her house. She  does this because she does not approve of the way Eilis acts with Tony. This is a prime example of how women are expected to behave in society. This example is intrinsically linked with the encroaching power of the Catholic Church and the way it shapes the values and attitudes of the characters in the novel. The power of the Catholic Church is clearly evident in the novel. It helps shape the attitudes most of the characters have. The power and influence of Father Flood is distinct throughout the novel. His values of the Church are thou rally respected and admired by everyone in the community. He holds substantial power in both Ireland and Brooklyn, convincing Eilis’ mam to allow her to go to Brooklyn, and getting Eilis a job and a place to stay once she arrived there. In Brooklyn, we see many people know Father Flood, as he was able to get Eilis a place in college, to help further her career. The church also has a controlling aspect on the characters moral values. This is seen with Eilis and Ms. Kehoe’s view on relationships and sex. Their attitude towards relationships are shaped around the beliefs of the Church, an example of this is when Eilis asks Tony to go to confession with her, as she sees sex before marriage as a sin. Ms. Kehoe realizes Tony has been in Eilis’ room soon after this, so she locks the gate to stop this from happening again. In my opinion, the Catholic Church has a substantial influence on Ms. Kehoe compared to Eilis because Eilis marries Tony, but cheats on him in Ireland with Jim. This is against Catholic Church’s teachings but that does not seem to influence Eilis in any way. In the end, she decides to go back to Tony. This might be because she realizes she has sinned, and because of the influence of the Church on her values, she cannot divorce Tony, she has to accept her life in Brooklyn instead. Power is an extremely important factor in the cultural context of 1950’s Ireland and Brooklyn. The power structure in society is the Catholic Church. It helps shape the values of the characters, as many of them live their lives by the Church’s beliefs. Eilis’ mother is an example of this, as she hardly knows Father Flood but immediately trusts him because he is a member of the Catholic Church. He has the power in society and the characters look up to him for guidance. Another position of power seems to be held by those with money. Throughout the book it seems to be an important factor, more so in Ireland then Brooklyn. People with money were treated superior to others, and a woman’s goal was to sustain a wealthy man. Those with money occupy certain positions of class. This can be seen in both societies. It was a very class structured society, with the Church and people with money at the top. Our first example of this is when Eilis and Nancy are at the dance, and Eilis realizes Jim does not want anything to do with her as she and Nancy were from a lower class. He refuses to dance with Eilis and ignores her for the rest of the night. Power was a major influence on marriage, as women were respected a considerable amount more if they married someone with power. Their view was that if they married someone with power, they had achieved a large goal in their life. The influence of power in 1950’s Ireland and Brooklyn shaped the values and attitudes of the characters. Undoubtedly the personal freedom of Eilis and many other characters is affected by the world in which she resides. In Ireland, Eilis’ freedom is largely restricted because she is a woman. She is expected to marry and start a family, and there is no emphasis on her education. She has very little freedom as a teenager; an example of this is when she goes to the dance. Because of the society she lives in, she is expected to dance with only one boy for the whole night; this does not give her any freedom to do otherwise. Many of her decisions in Ireland are forced ones, such as when she went to work with Ms. Kelly. Ms. Kelly assumed Eilis would want to work for her, and did not give Eilis the chance to say no. She did not treat Eilis with respect but Eilis still had to keep working for her. This is greatly contrasted with her life in Brooklyn. Eilis had a large amount of personal freedom in Brooklyn, allowing her to explore the town she lives in. Her decisions were taken solely by herself, unlike in Ireland. She was able to decide if she wanted to further her career in college, whereas in Ireland she would have been expected to become a bookkeeper, but never an accountant. She also had freedom where she worked, with the employees and her boss treating her with respect, this contrasts with Ms. Kelly’s shop in Ireland. She was given opportunities to advance in her role as a sale assistant in the shop in Brooklyn, unlike Ireland where she would always be selling things in Ms. Kelly’s shop. Ultimately, Eilis is affected by the cultural context. It impinges upon her world. This is greatly seen in her last decision in the book, to accept her life in America with Tony. In modern day Ireland and Brooklyn, she would have been free to get a divorce and stay with Jim, but because at the time she was greatly influenced by the Catholic Church and her role in society, this option was not available for her. We discover at the end of the novel Eilis is a conformist, as she allows her values and attitudes to be shaped by 1950’s Ireland and Brooklyn. Overall, my understanding of cultural context is that it is the world of the text. In my opinion, the characters in Brooklyn accept the world in which they live in, and allow their values to be shaped by the time and place. Throughout the book we see the characters being influenced by the role of women, the Catholic Church and the people with power in their society.a

NYC Department of Education Teachers of Speech Improvement Essay - 1

NYC Department of Education Teachers of Speech Improvement - Essay Example The first learning strategy that needs to be implemented is to incorporate the utilization of the auditory process itself. Some children are prone to be weak in attention and memory that leads to speech impairment. Teachers can help with students to assist them in slowing their rate of speech which focuses on enunciation. In addition, factors such as visual cues can further dramatically increase focus and memory. Moreover the utilization of eye contact can also be embedded at this strategy. Eye contact is an absolutely necessary element that has many benefits. First and foremost is the fact that a steady eye contact induces confidence for the student who is presenting. Eye contact also enables the student to acknowledge the body language of the audience, which may assist the student in modifying their speech. Maintaining a steady eye contact enables the student to better understand the environment they are in. The second learning strategy that is an absolute must is the utilization of group sessions in which students will engaged in a collaborative learning effort. This unique strategy will enhance dialogue amongst students, stimulating conversation and collaborative learning. Although this strategy might be underestimated, conducive research shows that that student who are likely to be involved in conversations are more likely to enhance their linguistic skills. The third learning strategy that is extremely essential is focusing on the syntax of the vocabulary. Using expressive language goals for children will induce focus on vocabulary development. It will give the children a boost of confidence. Helping children with syntax goals comprises of developing phrases and sentences. In addition, it can also focus around isolationing sounds and words with the emphasis on enunciation. Speech therapists can facilitate the process with repeating syllabuses that can help reduce cluttering. This

Using dehumanizing terms that historically mean something else Research Paper

Using dehumanizing terms that historically mean something else - Research Paper Example Once people start using a word in a certain way the new usage becomes widespread and with time, becomes an official adaptation. Although the word has various meanings, it is usually within a similar concept. The word â€Å"queer† is one of the words used for various meanings today. The word has evolved over time. With every passing generation, a new interpretation of the word has risen. The Oxford dictionary states that the word can be used as an adjective to mean strange or odd, as a noun to mean Homosexual, or as a verb meaning spoil or ruin. However, the dictionary puts emphasis on the overall usage of the word as a homosexual reference. There is an observation of the reference in many cultures in the world over a long period. â€Å"In recent years, however, gay people have taken the word queer and deliberately used it in place of gay or homosexual, in an attempt, by using the word positively, to deprive it of its negative power (â€Å"Oxford University Press,† 1).† In historical reference of the homosexual population, the word was brought forth in a derogatory manner. In the British world, it indicates that someone or something has a peculiar characteristic about them. The 1980s was the point in which the use of the word, in the sense in question, arose. This caused a big stir within the gay and lesbian community. This led to the formation of an action organization in the 1990s at the grass root level in New York with the aim of fighting against the occurrence of Homophobia and preserving the right of gay and lesbian persons (Eaklor, 72). It is then that the group took ownership of the word â€Å"queer† as previously stated to transfer its use to a proud sense rather than its previous derogatory meaning. Therefore, the younger generation in the 21st century regards the word as an expression of open-mindedness with regard to same-sex attractions. The mainstream media has also adopted the usage of the term in the same sense. The

Expected Frequency even in dessert Research Paper

Expected Frequency even in dessert - Research Paper Example It has also been observed that families with children have higher rates of consumption as compared to those without children. Various flavors of ice cream are found in the market today and these include chocolate, vanilla, cookie dough/ cookies and cream, mint chocolate chip, butter pecan/ Swiss almond, strawberry, peanut butter, coffee, cherry vanilla and peach, among many others. According to a Harris Interactive poll conducted in 2013, chocolate and vanilla are the favorite flavors followed by cookie dough/cookies and cream. In terms of gender, a disparity exists in favorite flavor: for women, almost a third prefers chocolate flavor followed by mint chocolate chip and cookie dough/cookies and cream. However, for men, vanilla tops the list of favorite flavors followed by chocolate and cookie dough/cookies and cream. The dynamics of ice cream and frozen desserts consumption does not end with demographics and flavor, how the consumers actually eat their ice cream also varies from one group to another. Methods of consumption include eating it form a cup, cone, sundae, sandwich and others, including eating it as a topping on a cake. Disparities exist here too. It has been hypothesized that a relationship exists between gender and how they eat ice cream. For instance, according the aforementioned Harris Interactive poll, more men than women prefer eating ice cream in cups while more women than men prefer cone. This influence of gender on how a person eats their ice cream has not been well researched and this is the motivation for this research. The paper aims to investigate whether gender and ways of eating ice cream and other frozen foods are related, or whether the choice is independent of gender. For this study, data will be collected from students on how they eat their ice cream. Accordingly, data was collected from a sample of 40 students. To ensure that the data is not biased, efforts were be made so that the

How has US Immigration Policy been Criticized over Time?

How has US Immigration Policy been Criticized over Time? Directions: How has US immigration policy been criticized over time? Students need to consider public challenges to immigration policy. Write a paragraph using evidence from the sources that compares and contrasts the arguments made in opposition to three historical approaches to immigration policy. Use the Venn diagram to help organize your information Students will examine the actual legislation behind the three actions taken around immigration. Sources Used: Source A: Political cartoon, The Americanese Wall-as Congressman Burnett Would Build It Source B: Excerpt from a speech by Meyer Jacobstein Source C: 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America Criticisms Source A Source B Source C List the criticisms of each immigration policy before writing your one page paper Featured Source Source A: Raymond O. Evans, cartoon, The Americanese Wall-as Congressman [John Lawson] Burnett Would Build It, Puck, March 25, 1916 Public domain. Available from the Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b00563/. Featured Source Source B: Senator Meyer Jacobstein of New York, congressional speech arguing against immigration restrictions, Congressional Record (excerpt),1924 Perhaps the chief argument expressed or implied by those favoring the Johnson bill [the Immigration Act of 1924] is that the new immigrant is not of a type that can be assimilated or that he will not carry on the best traditions of the founders of our Nation, but, on the contrary, is likely to fill our jails, our almshouses, and other institutions that impose a great tax burden on the Nation. Based on this prejudice and dislike, there has grown up an almost fanatical anti-immigration sentiment. But this charge against the newcomers is denied, and substantial evidence has been brought to prove that they do not furnish a disproportionate share of the inmates of these institutions.   Ã‚   One of the purposes in shifting to the 1890 census is to reduce the number of undesirables and defectives in our institutions. In fact, this aspect of the question must have made a very deep impression on the committee because it crops out on every occasion. The committee has unquestionably been influenced by the conclusions drawn from a study made by Dr. Laughlin. This is not the first time in American history that such an anti-foreign hysteria has swept the country. Reread your American histories. Go back and glance through McMasters History of the United States covering the years from 1820 to 1850. You will find there many pages devoted to the 100 per centers of that time. So strange was the movement against the foreigner in those decades before the Civil War that a national political party, the Know-Nothing Party, sought to ride into power on the crest of this fanatical wave. In those early days, however, the anti-foreign movement, strangely enough, was directed against the very people whom we now seek to prefer-the English, the Irish, and the Germans. The calamity howlers of a century ago prophesied that these foreigners would drag our Nation to destruction. The trouble is that the committee is suffering from a delusion. It is carried away with the belief that there is such a thing as a Nordic race which possesses all the virtues, and in like manner creates the fiction of an inferior group of peoples, for which no name has been invented. Nothing is more un-American. Nothing could be more dangerous, in a land the Constitution of which says that all men are created equal, than to write into our law a theory which puts one race above another, which stamps one group of people as superior and another as inferior. The fact that it is camouflaged in a maze of statistics will not protect this Nation from the evil consequences of such an unscientific, un-American, wicked philosophy. Public domain. Congressional Record, 1924. Featured Source Source C: Jennifer Ludden, transcript of All Things Considered program about immigration policy, 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America National Public Radio, May 9, 2006 NOTE: Students should listen to the piece online at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395. Transcript: 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America May 09, 2006 MICHELE NORRIS, Host: From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. Im Michele Norris. ROBERT SIEGEL, Host: And Im Robert Siegel. As Congress considers sweeping changes to immigration law, nearly all the debate has centered on the problem of illegal immigration. Theres been very little talk about the concerns of legal immigrants, the estimated three to four million people who are, as its often said, already standing in line. NORRIS: Today were going to begin a three-part series about the process of immigrating to the U.S. legally. First, were going to step back and look at the history of our immigration law. The current system dates to 1965. It marked a radical break with previous policy and has led to profound demographic changes. As NPRs Jennifer Ludden reports, thats not how the law was seen when it was passed. JENNIFER LUDDEN: This is the kind of rally that was taking place back then. (SOUNDBITE OF CIVIL RIGHTS RALLY) LUDDEN: At the height of the Civil Rights movement, equality, democracy, freedom were the ideas that seized the nation. And against them, the way the United States decided which foreigners could and could not enter the country became an increasing embarrassment. STEPHEN KLINEBERG: I mean, the law was just unbelievable in its clarity of racism. LUDDEN: Stephen Klineberg is a sociologist at Rice University. KLINEBERG: It declared that Northern Europeans are a superior subspecies of the white race. The Nordics were superior to the Alpines, who in turn were superior to the Mediterraneans, and all of them were superior to the Jews and the Asians. LUDDEN: By the 1960s, Greeks, Poles, Portuguese and Italians were complaining that immigration quotas discriminated against them in favor of Western Europeans. The Democratic Party took up their cause, led by the new president. Heres John F. Kennedy speaking to the Italian migration in June 1963. JOHN F. KENNEDY: There are still a good many brothers and sisters of American citizens who are unable to get here, who may have preferences as members of families, but because of the maldistribution of quotas in the European area, we have this situation, which has become nearly intolerable. LUDDEN: After Kennedys assassination, Congress passed and President Lyndon Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Services Act. It leveled the immigration playing field, giving a nearly equal shot to newcomers from every corner of the world. The ceremony was held at the foot of the symbolically powerful Statue of Liberty. But if cable TV networks had been there, they probably would not have broken in live. Heres how President Johnson began his speech. LYNDON JOHNSON: This bill that we will sign today is not a revolutionary bill. It does not affect the lives of millions. It will not reshape the structure of our daily lives or really add importantly to either our wealth or our power. LUDDEN: Hearing that now, it is an amazing statement because it proved so wrong. So how could Johnson say that? Sociologist Klineberg says the governments newfound sense of egalitarianism only went so far. The central purpose of the new immigration law was to reunite families. KLINEBERG: So the Congress then said, well, nothings going to change, because were going to give preference to people who are already, who are related to people who are already here. Then it added another provision, if you were a professional of exceptional ability, if you have skills that are in demonstrably short supply, you, too, can come to the head of the line. Congress was saying in its debates, we need to open the door for some more British doctors, some more German engineers. It never occurred to anyone, literally, that there were going to be African doctors, Indian engineers, Chinese computer programmers whod be able, for the first time in the 20th century, to immigrate to America. LUDDEN: In fact, expert after expert had testified before Congress that little would change. Secretary of State Dean Rusk repeatedly stressed the issue wasnt the numbers. No more people were likely to come, it was simply the principle. Listen to this reading of an exchange between Secretary Rusk and a skeptical Senator Sam Irvin, Democrat of North Carolina. Unidentified Man #1: You have in India a lot of people who would like to get into this country, do you not? Unidentified Man #2: We dont have a long waiting list. Man #1: It is because they havent been able to get in. Even with a bleak opportunity to get in, as they have, they have 150 applications for every visa that could be issued. NORRIS: Yes, the present estimate, based upon the best information we can get, is there might be, say, 8,000 immigrants from India in the next five years. In other words, I dont think we have a particular picture of a world situation where everybody is just straining to move to the United States. OTIS GRAHAM: When I first started studying this, I thought, now theyre lying, because they want this thing to pass. LUDDEN: But historian Otis Graham, professor emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, changed his mind. GRAHAM: I changed my mind because Ive found, in the research that Ive been able to do, that so many lobbyists that followed this issue, so many labor union executives that followed this issue, so many church people, so many of those involved said the same thing. So you find ignorance three feet deep. Maybe ignorance is the answer. KAREN NARASAKI: I often wonder whether some of the people knew, but perhaps werent sharing that with other people. Because it would scare them. LUDDEN: Karen Narasaki heads the Asian American Justice Center. She finds the 1965 immigration overhaul all the more extraordinary because theres evidence it was not popular with the public. NARASAKI: It was not what people were marching in the streets over in the 1960s. It was really a group of political elites who, I think, were trying to look into the future of the United States. And again, it was the issue of, are we going to be true to what we say our values are? MARIAN SMITH: Well here you are in the CIS Historical Reference Library, our history office and library. LUDDEN: Marian Smith is the historian for Citizenship and Immigration Services, one of the agencies that replaced the old INS. The files of documents here can be mundane, but the walls are framed with lovely older maps, population charts and demographic bar graphs. SMITH: Apparently we had money back then to actually pay for these kind of color lithographs that would be printed each year. LUDDEN: In 1965, the political elite on Capitol Hill may not have predicted a mass increase in immigration, but Marian Smith pulls out a little agency booklet from the 1966 that certainly did. It explains how each provision in the new law would lead to a rapid increase in applications, a big jump in workload and more and more so as word trickled out to those newly eligible to come. Smith says a lifetime of immigration backlogs had built up among Americas foreign-born minorities. SMITH: And so, they will petition for their family members and they will petition for their family members. And whether were talking about immigrants from Asia, Latin America, Africa, all these portions of the world where there is a demand for immigration. After World War II and with the post colonial status of many of these places, the shifting populations, the ability sometimes for people now to join their family in America, that maybe the only reason wasnt the inability to get a quota visa for the United States. Maybe they had trouble getting out before. LUDDEN: There were other things no one could have predicted, how immigration from Europe dropped off because of lower birth rates and higher standards of living. How Africa imploded and wars and famine there and elsewhere produced waves of refugees. And then the millions of illegal immigrants. But its the system of family-based immigration thats driven this countrys profound demographic transformation. Over time, in a process critics call chain migration, entire families have reestablished themselves in the U.S. Historian Otis Graham thinks the policy has been a terrible mistake. GRAHAM: Family reunification puts the decision as to who comes to America in the hands of foreigners. Those decisions are out of the hands of the Congress. They just set up a formula and its kinship. Frankly, it could be called nepotism. LUDDEN: In fact, President Kennedys original proposal made skills-based migration the priority. But Graham says a broad lobby pushed for the greater emphasis on families. It included churches, ethnic groups whose members had family in the old country and the AFL-CIO. Graham says the union worried about competition from too many highly skilled newcomers. For Karen Narasaki of the Asian American Justice Center, the family focus makes sense. NARASAKI: If you think about families and, you know, if you think about the roles that, say, your parents play when you have children. And how they help you, you know, take care of the newborns and provide support for you or how your brothers and sisters in the Asian community, what often happens is brothers and sisters get together and they buy a home together. They pool their money and they buy a business together. And so it, you know, family is very important to not just the social, emotional wellbeing, but also the economic well being of these communities. (SOUNDBITE OF NATURALIZATION CEREMONY) LUDDEN: At a recent naturalization ceremony, 32 immigrants gather for their oath in the ornate rotunda of Washingtons National Archives. Of them, three are from Western Europe. The rest of those gaining citizenship here are overwhelmingly from Africa, Latin American and Asia. At a basement reception, the new citizens pose for pictures holding tiny American flags and a gift bag that includes a refrigerator magnet of the U.S. Constitution and an ATT prepaid calling card. One older woman is radiant in her Sunday best with a broad-brimmed hat. HANNAH INDOVISI: Im from Nigeria. My name is Hannah Indovisi. And you know the meaning of Indovisi? It means life is first. LUDDEN: And Indovisi was sponsored by her U.S. citizen son, Samuel. SAMUEL INDOVISI: Everybody in the world I dont know if you know this wants to come to the United States of America. All you need to do is go to the embassy, any embassy, and see long, long, long lines of people who want to come here. LUDDEN: In fact, Indovisi has a long line of relatives still in Nigeria whod love to come. Its the same with a brand new citizen munching cookies nearby. AMA BALI: My name is Ama Bali and Im from Sudan. Yes, I have my parents. I have sisters. I have brothers. And Im going to apply for them to come here soon. I hope so. LUDDEN: Are they excited for that?    BALI: Definitely, definitely. I hope they will be here soon. LUDDEN: It may not be soon at all though. The immigration system set up specifically to reunite families is so overwhelmed with applicants, relatives who wait their turn must endure being divided for years. Thats tomorrows story. Used by permission of National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395.